Lightning versus Switching Impulse Requirements for Transformers
Lightning impulse and switching impulse repre…
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Practical engineering articles for transformer-core selection, design and production.
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Surge Arresters at Transformer Terminals: Location Matters
Surge-arrester protective level alone does no…
Read full articleTransformer BIL and LI Ratings: Read the Applicable Terminology
BIL is IEEE terminology for a lightning-impul…
Read full articleProtection Changes after Transformer Uprating
Transformer uprating can change permissible l…
Read full articleTransformer Breaker-Failure Schemes: Define Upstream Trip Dependencies
Breaker-failure protection is a dependency sc…
Read full articleInrush Restraint in Differential Relays: Why One Harmonic Ratio Is Not Universal
Inrush restraint cannot be reduced to one uni…
Read full articleBuchholz, Pressure Relief and Differential Protection: Different Detection Paths
Buchholz relays, pressure-relief devices and …
Read full articleOverexcitation Protection: Data Needed for a V/Hz Curve
Overexcitation is fundamentally a volts-per-h…
Read full articleTransformer Thermal Protection: Match the Model to the Cooling State
A thermal protection model must follow the tr…
Read full articleOvercurrent Coordination around a Distribution Transformer
Overcurrent coordination around a distributio…
Read full articleRestricted Earth-Fault Protection: Define the Protected Neutral Zone
Restricted earth-fault protection covers a de…
Read full articleCT Saturation in Transformer Differential Schemes
CT saturation can create false differential c…
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