Cooler Fouling Allowances: Discuss Maintenance Assumptions Explicitly
A cooler rating usually represents defined su…
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Natural Cooling inside Enclosures: Why Open-Air Ratings Are Insufficient
Natural cooling relies on an available path f…
Read full articleTransformer Water Cooling: Heat-Exchanger Supply Interfaces
A water-cooled transformer depends on both it…
Read full articleDirected Oil Flow: What the Thermal Model Must Demonstrate
Directed oil flow is intended to route pumped…
Read full articleTransformer Fan Redundancy: Count Cooling Groups, Not Just Fans
Redundancy is the ability to retain a defined…
Read full articleOil Pump Duty: Flow, Head and Transformer Hydraulic Resistance
An oil pump does not deliver one fixed flow r…
Read full articleRadiator Capacity in Transformer Specifications: Define Ambient and Oil Conditions
A radiator heat-rejection figure is meaningfu…
Read full articleTransformer Insulation Ageing: Thermal, Moisture and Oxygen Effects
Transformer insulation ageing is influenced b…
Read full articleONAN, ONAF, OFAF and ODAF: Read the Cooling Circuit, Not Just the Letters
Transformer cooling codes describe the coolin…
Read full articlePressboard Compression and Winding Clamping: A Time-Dependent Interface
A pressboard support stack does not behave li…
Read full articleOil Impregnation of Solid Insulation: Inputs beyond Vacuum Level
Impregnation aims to establish the intended l…
Read full articleExposure Time after Drying: Humidity and Temperature Both Matter
A dried active part can absorb moisture again…
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